Low energy nanoemulsions as carriers for essential oils in topical formulations for antioxidant skin protection Original scientific paper
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study several essential oils (EOs): basil – BA, lemon balm – LB and oregano – OR were incorporated into nanoemulsions (NEs) as prospective carriers for natural and sensitive bioactives. NEs were prepared via the phase inversion composition (PIC) method, which is an energy-efficient cold process. Physicochemical stability of NEs was confirmed by particle size distribution analysis, electrical conductivity and pH value measurements, as well as by optical microscopy observations. The type of EO and the surfactant and oil mix concentration were found to be crucial factors governing the NE properties and stability. Raman spectra of the EOs confirmed main active ingredients and provided detection of interactions with the nanocarrier, which is a novel application of this technique. The antioxidant activity towards DPPH radical in methanol was concentration-dependent with a similar trend for individual oils and oil-loaded NEs (OR> LB> BA). However, the ABTS test in an aqueous medium revealed notable change in the order of activity after EO nanonisation at higher EO concentrations. Overall, it was found that OR-NE was the most effective and stable system, since OR acted as a co-stabiliser in the NE formulation, and its remarkably high antioxidant activity was successfully preserved during 6 months of storage.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors grant to the Publisher the following rights to the manuscript, including any supplemental material, and any parts, extracts or elements thereof:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to produce prepublications, reprints, and special editions of the Manuscript;
- the right to translate the Manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the Manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these reproductions;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript electronically or optically on any and all data carriers or storage media – especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini-Disk, data tape – and the right to reproduce and distribute the Article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the Manuscript in databases, including online databases, and the right of transmission of the Manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the Manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the internet, other online services, or via internal or external networks.
References
Aburjai, T, Natsheh, FM. Plants used in cosmetics. Phytother. Res. 2003; 17: 987–1000. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1363
Kaliamurthi, S, Selvaraj, G, Hou, L, Zhao, L, Gu, K, Wei, D. Synergism of essential oils with nanocarriers: emerging trends in preservation of grains and related food products. Grain Oil Sci. Technol. 2019; 2: 21–26. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.04.003
Pavoni, L, Pavela, R, Cespi, M, Bonacucina, G, Maggi, F, Zeni, V, Canale, A, Lucchi, A, Bruschi, F, Benelli,G. Green micro- and nanoemulsions for managing parasites, vectors and pests, Nanomaterials. 2019; 9: 1285. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091285
Majeed, H, YBian, Y-Y, Ali, B, Jamil, A, Majeed, U, Khan, FO, Iqbal, KJ, Shoemaker, CF, Fang, Z. Essential oil encapsulations: uses, procedures, and trends, RSC Adv. 2015; 5: 58449. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06556a
Palic, IR, Ickovski, JD, Djordjevic, AS, Mitic, VD, Stankov Jovanovic VP, Stojanovic, GS. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and solvent extracts of Mentha pulegium L. FU Phys. Chem. Tech. 2015; 13: 109–119. https://dx.doi.org/10.2298/FUPCT1502109P
Prakash, B, Kujur, A, Yadav, A, Kumar, A, Singh, PP, Dubey, NK. Nanoencapsulation: An efficient technology to boost the antimicrobial potential of plant essential oils in food system, Food Control. 2018; 89: 1–11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.01.018
Yakoubi, S, Bourgou, S, Mahfoudhi, N, Hammami, M, Khammassi, S, Horchani-Naifer, K, Msaada, K, Saidani Tounsi, M. Oil-in-water emulsion formulation of cumin/carvi essential oils combination with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial potentials, J. Essent. Oil Res. 2020; 32: 536–544. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1829510
Bhargava, K, Conti, DS, da Rocha, SRP, Zhang, Y. Application of an oregano oil nanoemulsion to the control of foodborne bacteria on fresh lettuce, Food Microbiol. 2015; 47: 69–73. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.11.007
da Silva Gundel, S, Velho, MC, Diefenthaler, MK, Favarin, FR, Copetti, PM, Fogaça, AO, Klein, B, Wagner, R, Gundel, A, Sagrillo, MR, Ourique, AF. Basil oil-nanoemulsions: Development, cytotoxicity and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, J. Drug Deliv. Sci. and Tech. 2018; 46: 378-383. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.038
Gledovic, A, Janosevic Lezaic, A, Krstonosic, V, Djokovic, J, Nikolic, I, Bajuk-Bogdanovic, D, Antic Stankovic, J, Randjelovic, D, Savic, SM, Filipovic, M, Tamburic, S, Savic, SD. Low-energy nanoemulsions as carriers for red raspberry seed oil: Formulation approach based on Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis, physicochemical properties, stability and in vitro antioxidant/ biological activity. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(4): e0230993. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230993
Solans, C, Sole I. Nano-emulsions: Formation by low-energy methods. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012; 17: 246–254. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2012.07.003
Gupta A, Eral BH, Hatton TA, Doyle PS. Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications. Soft Matter. 2016; 12: 2826−2841. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02958a
Mc Clements, DJ. Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology, differences, and similarities. Soft Matter, 2012,8, 1719-1729. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2SM06903B
Yukuyama MN, Ghisleni DDM, Pinto TJA, Bou-Chacra NA. Nanoemulsion: process selection and application in cosmetics–a review. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2016; 38: 13−24. pmid:26171789
Chang, YY and McClements, DJ. Optimization of orange oil nanoemulsion formation by isothermal low-energy methods: Influence of the oil phase, surfactant, and temperature. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014; 62: 2306−2312. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf500160y
Rao, J and Mc Clements, DJ. Food-grade microemulsions and nanoemulsions: Role of oil phase composition on formation and stability. Food Hydrocoll. 2012; 9: 326−334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.04.008
Khurana, S, Jain, NK, Bedi, PMS. Nanoemulsion based gel for transdermal delivery of meloxicam: Physico-chemical, mechanistic investigation. Life Sci. 2013; 92: 383−392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.005
Sengupta, P and Bappaditya Chatterjee, B. Potential and future scope of nanoemulgel formulation for topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 2017; 526: 353−365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.068
Nastiti CMRR, Ponto T, Abd E, Grice JE, Benson HAE, Roberts. Topical Nano and Microemulsions for Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2017; 9: 37
Dorman, HJD, Surai, P, Deans, SG. In vitro antioxidant activity of a number of plant essential oils and phytoconstituents. J. Essent. Oil Rex. 2000; 12: 241–248. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9699508
Raut, JS, Karuppayil, SM. A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 2014; 62: 250–264. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.05.055
Padalia, H, Moteriya, P, Baravalia, Y, Chanda, SV. Antimicrobial and synergistic effects of some essential oils to fight against microbial pathogens – a review, in book: The Battle Against Microbial Pathogens: Basic Science, Technological Advances and Educational Programs (Mendez-Vilas, A, Ed.). Formatex research center, Badajoz, Spain. 2015: 35–45.
Kulisic, T, Radonic, A, Katalinic, V, Milos, M. Use of different methods for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oi. Food Chem. 2004; 85: 633–640. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.024
de Sousa, AC, Alviano, DS, Blank, AF, Alves, PB, Alviano, CS, Gattass, CR. Melissa officinalis L. essential oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004; 56: 677–681. https://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357023321
Viuda-Martos, M, Navajas, YR, Zapata, ES, Fernandez-Lopez, J, Perez-Alvarez, JA. Antioxidant activity of essential oils of five spice plants widely used in a Mediterranean diet. Flavour Fragr. J. 2010; 25: 13–19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1951
Heunemann, P, Prevost, S, Grillo, I, Marino, CM, Meyer, J, Gradzielski, M. Formation and structure of slightly anionically charged nanoemulsions obtained by the phase inversion concentration (PIC) method. Soft Matter. 2011; 7: 5697–5710. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0sm01556c
Daferera, DJ, Tarantilis, PA, Polissiou, MG. Characterization of essential oils from lamiaceae species by fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002; 50: 5503-5507. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0203489
Jentzch, PV, Ramos, LA, Ciobota, V. Handheld Raman spectroscopy for the distinction of essential oils used in the cosmetics industry. Cosmetics. 2015; 2: 162–176. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics2020162
Hanno, I, Centini, M, Anselmi, C, Bibiani, C. Green cosmetic surfactant from rice: Characterization and application. Cosmetics. 2015; 2: 322-341. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics2040322
Gledovic, A, Janosevic Lezaic, A, Nikolic, I, Tasic-Kostov, M, Antic-Stankovic, J, Krstonosic, V, Randjelovic, D, Bozic, D, Ilic, D, Tamburic, S, Savic, S. Polyglycerol ester-based low energy nanoemulsions with red raspberry seed oil and fruit extracts: Formulation development toward effective in vitro/in vivo bioperformance. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11: 217. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010217
Couto, HGS, Blank, AF, de Oliveira e Silva, AM, de Lima Nogueira, PC, de Fatima Arrigoni-Blank, M, de Castro Nizio, DA, de Oliveira Pinto, JA. Essential oils of basil chemotypes: Major compounds, binary mixtures, and antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 2019; 293: 446–454. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.078
Patora, J, Majda, T, Gora, J, Klimek, B. Variability in the content and composition of essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated in Poland. Acta Pol. Pharm. 2003; 60: 395– 400.
Nostro, A, Sudano Roccaro, A, Bisignano, G, Marino, A, Cannatelli, MA, Pizzimenti, FC, Cioni, PL, Procopio, F, Blanco, AR. Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. J. Med. Microbiol. 2007; 56: 519–523. https://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46804-0
Schulz, H, Ozkan, G, Baranska, HK, Ozcan, M. Characterisation of essential oil plants from Turkey by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 2005; 39: 249-256. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3203
Jentzch, PV and Ciobota, V. Raman spectroscopy as an analytical tool for analysis of vegetable and essential oils. Flavour Fragr. J. 2014; 29: 287–295. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3203
Socrates, G. Infrared and Raman characteristic group frequencies: Tables and charts, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2001.
Rachmawati H, Budiputra DK, Mauludin R. Curcumin nanoemulsion for transdermal application: formulation and evaluation. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2015; 41: 560–566. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045
Zhu Y, Li Y, Wu C, Teng F, Qi B, Zhang X et al. Stability Mechanism of Two Soybean Protein-Phosphatidylcholine Nanoemulsion Preparation Methods from a Structural Perspective: A Raman Spectroscopy Analysis. Sci. rep. 2019; 9: 6985. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43439-5
Rocha-Filho, PA, Camargo, MFP, Ferrari, M, Maruno, M. Influence of lavander essential oil addition on passion fruit oil nanoemulsions: Stability and in vivo study. J Nanomed. Nanotechnol. 2014; 5: 198. https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.1000198
Nikolic, I, Gledovic, A, Tamburic, S, Major, T, Savic, S. Nanoemulsions as Carriers for Natural Antioxidants: Formulation Development and Optimisation, in Emulsion‐based Encapsulation of Antioxidants, Aboudzadeh, MA, Ed., Springer Nature Switzerland. 2021: 149 –195. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62052-3_4