Correlation of hardness of aluminum composites obtained by stir casting technology and the size and weight fraction of reinforcing Al2O3 particles Technical paper
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this work, the stir casting method was applied to obtain composites based on the alloy AN EW 6061 used as a metal base, and Al2O3 particles as a reinforcement. Composites play a significant role as engineering materials. Therefore, it is necessary to study, in detail, the production methods and the factors that affect their mechanical properties. For this purpose, we have carried out a planned experiment wi ASM International th the aim to use regression analysis to predict the influence of particle size and mass fraction on hardness of the obtained composites. The full factorial experimental design with two factors was used, which was analyzed at three levels. Hardness was observed as a system response, while particle size and mass fraction were set as influencing factors. Influencing factors were observed at three levels: 50, 80 and 110 μm for the particle size and 2, 5 and 8 mass%. Measured hardness values of the composites ranged from 72 HV10 to 80 HV10. Based on the probability values (p<0.05), it was determined which factors are important for the system response. Statistical analysis has shown that linear terms of the influence factors (size and mass fraction of reinforcement particles) and the square term of the mass fraction have statistical significance on the hardness change. The square term of the particle size and the interaction term of the influencing parameters do not have a statistically significant contribution in predicting the hardness value. Thus, a second-order polynomial model was obtained by the regression analysis. Influence of input factors on the system response and the adequacy of the obtained mathematical model were determined by using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Based on the statistical data analysis, it was established that, the particle mass fraction has a greater influence on hardness of the obtained composite in relation to the particle size. By comparing the experimental and predicted values, a high degree of agreement was achieved so that the chosen model of the factorial experiment was adequate (R2=0.989). It can be also concluded that the developed regression model can be applied to predict hardness of the aluminum composite reinforced by Al2O3 particles in the chosen variation interval of particle size and mass fraction.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors grant to the Publisher the following rights to the manuscript, including any supplemental material, and any parts, extracts or elements thereof:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to produce prepublications, reprints, and special editions of the Manuscript;
- the right to translate the Manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the Manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these reproductions;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript electronically or optically on any and all data carriers or storage media – especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini-Disk, data tape – and the right to reproduce and distribute the Article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the Manuscript in databases, including online databases, and the right of transmission of the Manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the Manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the internet, other online services, or via internal or external networks.
How to Cite
References
Calister WD, Rethwisch DG. Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction. 9th ed., New York, NY: Wiley; 2014 ISBN: 978-1-118-71718-9.
Mazumdar SK. Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Product, and Process Engineering. 1th ed., Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press; 2001 ISBN 0-8493-0585-3.
Campbell FC. Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys. 1th ed., ASM International, USA; 2008 ISBN: 978-0-87170-867-0.
Yigezu BS, Jha PK, Mahapatra MM. The key attributes of synthesizing ceramic particulate reinforced Al-based matrix composites through stir casting. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 2013; 28: 969–979.
Yigezu BS, Mahapatra MM, Jha PK. Influence of reinforcement type on microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties of an aluminum alloy metal matrix composite. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 2013; 4: 124-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2013.14022
Telang AK, Rehman A, Dixit G, Das S. Alternate materials in automobile brake disc applications with emphasis on Al composites—A technical review. Journal of Engineering Research and Studies. 2010; 1: 35-46.
Vencl A, Šljivić V, Pokusová M, Kandeva M, Sun HG, Zadorozhnaya E, Bobić I. Production, microstructure and tribological properties of Zn-Al/Ti metal-metal composites reinforced with alumina nanoparticles. Inter Metalcast. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00565-5
Vencl A, Bobić I, Bobić B, Jakimovska K, Svoboda P, Kandeva M. Erosive wear properties of ZA-27 alloy-based nanocomposites: Influence of type, amount and size of nanoparticle reinforcements. Friction 2019; 7(4): 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-018-0222-x.
Manasijević S, Marković S, Radiša R. Primena novih tehnologija u cilju poboljšanja eksploatacionih svojstava klipova sus motora od aluminijumskih legura. Zaštita materijala. 2013; 1(54): 45-50. http://idk.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/8SRECKO.pdf
Burzić M, Sedmak S, Burzić Z, Jaković D, Momčilović D. Uticaj sadržaja ojačavača na udarnu žilavost livenog Al-SiCp metal matričnog kompozita. Integritet i vek konstrukcija. 2002; 1-2: 11-14. http://divk.inovacionicentar.rs/ivk/pdf/IVK1-2-2002-3.pdf
Sakthive A, Palaninathan R, Velmurugan R, Rao PR. Production and mechanical properties of SiCp particle-reinforced 2618 aluminum alloy composites. J Mater Sci. 2008; 43: 7047-7056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-3033-z
Bayraktar E, Masounave J, Caplain R, Bathias C. Manufacturing and damage mechanisms in metal matrix composites. Journal of Achievements in Materia and Manufacturing Engineering, 2008; 2(31): 294-300.
Miracle DB. Metal matrix composites from science to technological significance. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2005; 65 (15-16): 2526-2540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.027
Zhou MY, Ren LB, Fan LL, Zhang YWX, Lu TH, Quan GF, Gupta M. Progress in research on hybrid metal matrix composites. J Alloy Compd. 2020; 838: 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3765791
George B, Sankar A, Bibin KT. Fabrication and characterization of aluminium hybrid composite. International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Research Technology. 2018; 7(4): 437-446.
Shinde S. Manufactoring of aluminium matrix composite using stir casting method. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology. 2015; 2(5): 1-6.
Bharath V, Nagaralb M, V Auradib V, Kori S. Preparation of 6061Al-Al2O3 MMCs by stir casting and evaluation of mechanical and wear properties. Procedia Materials Science. 2014; 6: 1658-1667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.151
Alaneme KK, Bodunrin MO, Awe AA. Microstructure, mechanical and fracture properties of groundnut shell ash and silicon carbide dispersion strengthened aluminium matrix composites. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences. 2018; 30(1): 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2016.01.001
Prabhu SR, Shettigar AK, Herbert MA, Rao SS. Microstructure and mechanical properties of rutile-reinforced AA6061 matrix composites produced via stir casting process. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China. 2019; 29: 2229−2236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(19)65152-6
Sajjadi SA, Ezatpour HR, Beygi H. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Al2O3 micro and nano composites fabricated by stir casting. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011; 528: 8765-8771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.08.052
Baradeswaran A, Perumal AE. Study on mechanical and wear properties of Al7075/Al2O3/graphite hybrid composites. Composites: Part B. 2014; 56 : 464–471.
Montgomery DC. Response Surface Methods and Other Approaches to Process Optimization. In: Montgomery DC, Design and Analysis of Experiments. 1st ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1997 ISBN 978-1118-14692-7.
Khuri AI, Cornell JA. Response Surfaces: Designs and Analyses. 2nd ed., USA: CRC Press; 2019 ISBN 9780367401252.
Deshmanya IB, Purohit GK. Development of mathematical model to predict micro-hardness of Al7075/Al2O3 composites produced by stir-casting. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 2012; 5(1): 44-50.
Huda D, Baradie MA, Hasmi MSJ. Development of hardness model for MMCs (Al/A2O3). Journal Materials Processing Technology. 1994; 44: 81- 90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(94)90040-X
Anilkumar HC, Hebbar HS, Ravishankar KS. Mechanical properties of fly ash reinforced aluminium alloy (Al6061) composites. International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering. 2011; 6: 41–45.
Kok M. Production and mechanical properties of Al2O3 particle-reinforced 2024 aluminium alloy composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2005; 161: 381–387.
Kok M, Ozdin K. Wear resistance of aluminium alloy and its composites reinforced by Al2O3 particles. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007; 183: 301–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.10.021
Mahdavi S, Akhlaghi F. Effect of the SiC particle size on the dry sliding wear behavior of SiC and SiC–Gr-reinforced Al6061 composites. J Mater Sci. 2011; 46: 7883–7894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5776-1
Pantelić I. Uvod u reoriju inženjerskog eksperimenta. Novi Sad, Srbija: Radnički univerzitet "Radivoj Ćirpanov"; 1976.
SPSS inc. PAWS Statistics 18, Predictive Analysis SoftwarePortfolio (www.spss.com).
Ivanović A, Trumić B, Ivanov S, Marjanović S. Modelovanje uticaja temperatute i vremena homogenizacionog žarenja na tvrdoću PdNi5 legure. Hem. Ind. 2014; 68: 597–603. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND130620085I
Savić I, Nikolić G, Savić I, Cakić M, A. Dosić, Čanadi J. Modelovanje stabilnosti bioaktivnog bakar(II) kompleksa primenom eksperimentalnog dizajna, Hem. Ind. 2012; 66: 693–699. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND120120021S
Požega E, Ivanov S, Conić V, Čađenović B. Mogućnost procesa boriranja na presovanim uzorcima od železnog praha. Hem.Ind. 2009; 63: 253–258. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND0903253P
Ivanov S, Ivanić Lj, Gusković D, Mladenović S. Optimizacija režima starenja legura na aluminijumskoj osnovi. Hem. Ind. 2012; 66: 601–607.
Ivanov S, Kočovski B, Stanojević B. Ocena uticaja termomehaničkih parametara prerade bakarne žice na izduženje spirale primenom faktornog eksperimenta. Metalurgija. 1996; 2: 13–23.
Indumati D, Purohit G. Prediction of hardness of forged Al7075/Al2O3 composites using factorial design of experiments. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. 2012; 2: 84–90.
BS EN 573-3: Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Chemical composition and form of wrought products. Chemical composition and form of products. 2019.
Raymond HM, Douglas MC. Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments. 4th ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2016 ISBN: 978-1-118-91601-8.
Bas D, Boyaci IH. Modeling and optimization I: Usability of response surface methodology. J. Food Eng. 2007; 78: 836-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.11.024.
Raghavendra N, Ramamurthy VS. Effect of particle size and weight fraction of alumina reinforcement on wear behavior of aluminum metal matrix composites. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2014; 4(3): 11191-11198.
Mihajlović I, Nikolić Đ, Jovanović A. Teorija sistema. 1st ed., Bor, Srbija: Tehnički fakultet u Boru; 2009.
Boopathi MM, Arulshri KP, Iyandurai N. Evaluation of mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 2024 reinforced with silicon carbide and fly ash hybrid metal matrix composites. American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2013; 10(3): 219-229. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2013.219.229
Singh J, Suri N, Verma A. Affect of mechanical properties on groundnut shell ash reinforced Al 6063. International Journal for Technological Research in Engineering. 2015; 11(2): 2619-2623.
Ashok N, Shanmughasundaram P. Effect of particles size on the mechanical properties of SiC-reinforced aluminium 8011 composites. Materials and Technology. 2017; 51(4): 667-672. https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2016.252