Characterization of surface roughness of new nanophotonic soft contact lenses using lacunarity and AFM method
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop new soft contact lens (SCL) materials which would, after recommended and existing machining processes, improve surface roughness. Nanomaterials were incorporated into commercial material for SCL (SL38) based on PHEMA, which were derived by the technology in the production lab of the company Soleko (Milan, Italy). Nanophotonic SCLs (SL38-A, SL38-B, SL38-C) were produced in the company Optix (Belgrade, Serbia) from the obtained materials. For the surface characterization of SCLs, AFM analysis and lacunarity method were performed. The results showed that SL38-B average roughness value is lower than SL38-A and SL38. The topography parameters of SL38-C were between the parameters of SL38-A and SL38-B. Lacunarity analysis of AFM images confirmed that SCLs surface state should belong to either group of adequate (slanted p-diagram) or inadequate (contorted p-diagram) roughness concerning tear film stability. Nanophotonic SCL SL38-C evince more acceptable performance consider SCL surface functional behavior compare other SCLs. The positive result of incorporating nanomaterials into basic material for SCL is better quality of the nanophotonic SCLs surfaces. On the bases of these experiments, the assumption that incorporation of fullerene derivate can play a role in the prevention of a significant increase in roughness is confirmed.
Article Details
Issue
Section
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors grant to the Publisher the following rights to the manuscript, including any supplemental material, and any parts, extracts or elements thereof:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to produce prepublications, reprints, and special editions of the Manuscript;
- the right to translate the Manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the Manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these reproductions;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript electronically or optically on any and all data carriers or storage media – especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini-Disk, data tape – and the right to reproduce and distribute the Article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the Manuscript in databases, including online databases, and the right of transmission of the Manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the Manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the internet, other online services, or via internal or external networks.
How to Cite
References
Koetting MC, Peters JT, Steichen SD, Peppas NA. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications. Mater Sci Eng R. 2015; 93:1–49.
Calo E, Khutoryanskiy V. Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products. Eur Polym J. 2015; 65:252–267.
Enas MA. Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. JAR. 2015; 6:105–121.
[4] Milosavljević, NB, Milašinović, NZ, Filipović, JM, Kalagasidis Krušić MT. Sinteza i karakterizacija kopolimernih hidrogelova hitozana, itakonske kiseline i N-izopropilakrilamida. Hem Ind. 2011; 65:657–666.
Tomic SLj, Micic MM, Dobic SN, Filipovic JM, Suljovrujic EH. Smart poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate/itaconicacid)hydro¬gelsfor biomedical application. Radiat Phys Chem. 2010; 79:643–649
Brahim S, Narinesingh D, Elie, AG. Synthesis and hydration properties of pH-sensitive P(HEMA)-based hydrogels containing 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. Biomacromolecules. 2003; 4:497–503.
Lahooti S, Sefton MV. Microencapsulation of normal and transfected L292 fibroblasts in a HEMA–MMA copolymer. Tissue Eng. 2000; 6:139–149.
Nicolson PC, Vogt PC. Soft contact lens polymers: an evolution. Biomaterials. 2001; 22:3273–3283.
Kopecek J. Hydrogels: From Soft Contact Lenses and Implants to Self-Assembled Nanomaterials. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2009; 47:5929–5946.
Johnson BD, Beebe DJ, Crone, WC. Effects of swelling on the mechanical properties of a pH-sensitive hydrogel for use in microfluidic devices. Mater Sci Eng C. 2004; 24:575–581.
Gursel I, Balcik C, Arica Y, Akkus O, Akkas N, Hasirci V. Synthesis and mechanical properties of interpenetrating networks of polyhydroxybutyrate- co-hydroxyvalerate and polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate. Biomaterials. 1998; 19:1137–1143.
Kunzler JF, Friends GD. US Patent 5,006,622; 1991.
Lai Y, Quinn ET. US Patent 5,969,076; 1999.
Nichols JJ. Contact Lens 2012. Contact Lens Spectrum. 2013; 28:24–29.
Bauman ER, Hagmann P, Dallas Pruit J, Rappon M. US Patent 0314185 A1; 2012.
Goh HW, Goh SH, Xu GQ. Synthesis and Miscibility Studies of [60] Fullerenated Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2002; 40:1157–1166.
Loy DA, Assink RA. Synthesis of a fullerene C60-p-xylylene copolymer. J Am Chem Soc. 1992; 114:3977-3978.
Ahmed RM El-Bashir SM. Structure and Physical Properties of Polymer Composite Films Doped with Fullerene Nanoparticles. Int. J. Photoenergy. 2011; doi:10.1155/2011/801409
Taki M, Takigami S, Watanabe Y, Nakamura Y, Nishimura J. Synthesis of Polyesters Containing the [60]Fullerene Moiety in the Main Chain. Polym J. 1997; 29:1020-1022.
Xiao L, Shimotani H, Ozawa M, Li J, Dragoe N, Saigo K, Kitazawa K. Synthesis of a novel [60]fullerene pearl-necklace polymer, poly(4,4′-carbonylbisphenylene trans-2-[60]fullerene obisacetamide). J Polym Sci Part A:Polym. Chem. 1999; 37:3632-3637.
Lu Z, Goh SH, Lee SY, Sun X, Ji W. Synthesis, characterization and nonlinear optical properties of copolymers of benzylaminofullerene with methyl methacrylate or ethyl methacrylate. Polymer. 1999; 40:2863-2867.
Kraus A, Mullen K. [60]Fullerene-Containing Poly(dimethylsiloxane)s: Easy Access to Soluble Polymers with High Fullerene Content. Macromolecules. 1999; 32:4214-4219.
Ford WT, Nishioka T, McCleskey SC, Mourey TH, Kahol P. Structure and radical mechanism of formation of copolymers of C60 with styrene and with methyl methacrylate. Macromolecules. 2000, 33:2413-2423.
Stamenkovic D, Kojic D, Matija L, Miljkovic Z, Babic B. Physical Properties of Contact Lenses Characterized by Scanning Probe Microscopy and Optomamagnetic Fingerprint. Int J Mod Phys B. 2010; 24:825-834.
Debeljković A, Matija L, Koruga Đ. Characterization of nanophotonic soft contact lenses based on poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and fullerene. Hem Ind. 2013; 67:861-870.
Caroline CS, Karlgarda, Sarkarc DK, Jones LW, Moresolia C, Leung KT. Drying methods for XPS analysis of PureVisionTM, Focus, Night&DayTM and conventional hydrogel contact lenses. Appl Surf Sci. 2004; 230:106–114.
Ketelson HA, Meadows DL, Stone RP. Dynamic wettability propertie of a soft contact lens hydrogel. Colloids Surf B. 2005; 40:1–9.
Lopez-Alemany A, Compan V, Refojo MF. Porous structure of Purevisio (TM) versus Focus (R) Night & Day (TM) and conventional hydrogel contact lenses. J Biomed Mater Res. 2002; 63:319–325.
Nakatomi R, Hayashida T, Fujimoto K, Tohyama K, Hashikawa T. Cryo-SEM and subsequent TEM examinations of identical neural tissue specimen. Brain Res Protoc. 2005; 14:100–106.
Kim SH, Opdahl A, Marmo C, Somorjai GA. AFM and SFG studies of pHEMA-based hydrogel contact lens surfaces in saline solution: adhesion, friction, and the presence of non-crosslinked polymer chains at the surface. Biomaterials. 2002; 23:1657–1666.
Opdahl A, Kim SH, Koffas TS, Marmo C, Somorjai GA. Surface mechanical properties of pHEMA contact lenses: viscoelastic and adhesive property changes on exposure to controlled humidity. J Biomed Mater Res Part A. 2003; 67A:350–356.
Opdahl A, Koffas TS, Amitay-Sadovsky E, Kim J, Somorjai GA. Characterization of polymer surface structure and surface mechanical behaviour by sum frequency generation surface vibrational spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. J Phys-Condens Mat. 2004; 16:R659–677.
Kim SH, Marmo C, Somorjai GA. Friction studies of hydrogel contact lenses using AFM: non-crosslinked polymers of low friction at the surface. Biomaterials. 2001; 22:328594.
Guryca V, Hobzova R, Pradny M, Sirc J, Michalek J. Surface morphology of contact lenses probed with microscopy technique. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2007; 30:215–222.
Talu S. Characterization of Surface Roughness of Unworn Hydrogel Contact Lenses at a Nanometric Scale Using Methods of Modern Metrology. Polym Eng Sci. 2013; 53:2141–2150.
Talu S, Stach S. Multifractal characterization of unworn hydrogel contact lens surfaces, Polym Eng Sci. 2014; 54: 1066–1080.
Mandelbrot B. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. W.H. Freeman and Co, New York; 1982.
Voss R.F. (1991) Random Fractals: characterization and measurement. In: Pynn R., Skjeltorp A. (eds) Scaling Phenomena in Disordered Systems. Springer, Boston, MA
Plotnick RE, Gardner RH, Hargrove WW, Prestegaard K, Perlmutter M. Lacunarity analysis: A general technique for the analysis of spatial patterns. Phys Rev E. 1996; 53(5):5461-5468.
Bojović B, Petrović M, Miljković Z, Babić B, Matija L. Lubrication prediction in digital manufacturing in Proceedings of 26th International Working Conference TQM. Belgrade, Serbia, 2011. pp. 475-480.
Bojović B, Koruga Đ. Micro and nano lubricant behavior of tear film aqueous layer. Contemp Mater. 2012; III-1:55-62.
Tomic M, Bojovic B, Stamenkovic D, Mileusnic I, Koruga Đ. Lacunarity Properties of Nanophotonic Materials Based on Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) for Contact Lenses. Materials and technology. 2017; 51(1):145-151.
Borys P, Krasowska M, Grzywna ZJ, Djamgoz MBA, Mycielska ME. Lacunarity as a novel measure of cancer cells behavioр. Biosystems. 2008; 94(3):276-281.
Hoechstetter S, Walz U, Thinh N. Adapting lacunarity techniques for gradient-based analyses of landscape surfaces. Ecol Complex. 2011; 8(3): 229-238.
Gould D, Vadakkan T, Poche R, Dickinson M. Multifractal and Lacunarity Analysis of Microvascular Morphology and Remodeling, Microcirculation. 2011; 18(2):136–151.
Muntz A, Subbaraman L. N, Sorbara L, Jones L. Tear exchange and contact lenses: A review. J. Optom. 2015; 8:2-11
Giraldez MJ, Resua CG, Lira M, Real Oliveira ME, Magarinos B, Toranzo AE, Yebra-Pimentel E. Contact Lens Hydrophobicity and Roughness Effects on Bacterial Adhesion, Optom Vis Sci. 2010; 87: E426–E431
Giraldez MJ, Serra C, Lira M, Real Oliveira ME, Yebra-Pimentel E. Soft Contact Lens Surface Profile by Atomic Force Microscopy. Optom Vis Sci. 2010; 87: E475–E481
Lira M, Santos L, Azeredo J, Yebra-Pimentel E, Real Oliveira ME. Comparative Study of Silicone-Hydrogel Contact Lenses Surfaces Before and After Wear Using Atomic Force Microscopy. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater. 2008, 85B: 361–367
Sokoloff JB. Theory of Hydrostatic Lubrication for Polymer Hydrogel Coated Surfaces with Excess Salt. J Phys Chem. 2011; 115: 2709-2716
Bojovic B, Miljković Z, Babić B, Koruga Đ. Fractal analysis for biosurface comparison and behaviour prediction, Hem Ind. 2009; 63 (3) 239–245.
Kalagasidis Krušić M, Milosavljević N, Debeljković A, Üzüm ÖB, Karadağ E. Removal of Pb2+ Ions from Water by Poly(Acrylamide-co-Sodium Methacrylate) Hydrogels. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2012; 223:4355–4368.
Bettuelli M, Trabattoni S, Fagnola M, Tavazzi S, Introzzi L. Farris S. Surface properties and wear performances of siloxane-hydrogel contact lenses. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B. 2013;101: 1585–1593.
Torrent-Burgués J, Sanz F. AFM in mode Peak Force applied to the study of un-worn contact lenses. Colloids Surf. B. 2014; 121:388–394.
Caglayan MO, Atomic Force Microscopy as a Characterization Tool for Contact Lenses: Indentation Tests and Grain Analysis. Int J Polym Mater, 2013; 63:680–684
Seong HK, Chris M, Gabor AS. Friction studies of hydrogel contact lenses using AFM: non-crosslinked polymers of low friction at the surface. Biomaterials. 2001; 22:3285-3294.
Grobe GL, Valint PL, Ammon DM. Surface chemical structure for soft contact lenses as a function of polymer processing. J Biomed Mater Res. 1996;32:45–54.
Guryca V, Hobzova R, Pradny M, Sirc J, Michalek J. Surface morphology of contact lenses probed with microscopy techniques, Multifractal Characterization of Unworn Hydrogel Contact Lens Surfaces. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2007; 30: 215–222.