Natural deep eutectic solvents for turbidity removal from synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater Original scientific paper
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Abstract
Water resource contamination by active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) wastes are among major environmental concerns. To prevent major disruptions of aquatic life, an efficient and environmental-friendly turbidity removal procedure of common contaminants such as paracetamol should be established. In this study, several natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were screened to reduce the turbidity of simulated water contaminated with paracetamol to below the standard turbidity limit recommended by the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (SIRIM) (50 NTU). The optimum operating parameters (NADES dosage, stirring time and operating pH) were determined. Under optimized conditions, stearic acid-based NADES achieved the highest turbidity removal at 97.46%. The high coagulation performances were investigated based on molecular interaction using COSMO-RS σ-profile and σ-potential, and showed high affinity between the NADES compounds and paracetamol. Thus, NADESs are promising candidates for turbidity removal of paracetamol from water and are viable in further investigations for effluent treatment applications.
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Funding data
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Universiti Malaya
Grant numbers GPF015a-2023 -
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
Grant numbers FRGS/1/2023/TK05/UKM/02/5
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