Optimization of the extraction process from Satureja montana L.: physicochemical characterization of the extracts Original scientific paper
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The presented study aimed to optimize polyphenol extraction from Satureja montana L. obtained from the experimental field of the Institute for Medicinal Plants Research ”Dr Josif Pančić”, Serbia, by varying the most important parameters for maceration, solid-to-solvent ratio, and extraction time. The obtained extracts were characterized regarding the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant potential, extraction yield, conductivity, density, surface tension, and viscosity. The TPC and TFC were ~7 to 92 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g and 3.7 to 10.9 mg CE (catechin equivalent)/g, respectively. The highest extraction yield (86 %) as well as the highest antioxidant activities were obtained for the extracts prepared using a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1 g :50 cm3. On the other hand, the extraction time did not have a significant influence. The highest conductivity was measured in the extract prepared at a 1 g :10 cm3 ratio, while the highest density and surface tension were in the extract prepared at a 1 g :40 cm3 ratio (941 kg m3 and 29.0 mN m-1, respectively). The highest viscosity was measured in the extract prepared at a 1 g : 20 cm3 ratio (2.89 mPa∙s). Our study shows the possibilities for the production of polyphenol-rich extract of S. montana which might be used in pharmaceutical, food, or cosmetic products.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors grant to the Publisher the following rights to the manuscript, including any supplemental material, and any parts, extracts or elements thereof:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to produce prepublications, reprints, and special editions of the Manuscript;
- the right to translate the Manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the Manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these reproductions;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript electronically or optically on any and all data carriers or storage media – especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini-Disk, data tape – and the right to reproduce and distribute the Article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the Manuscript in databases, including online databases, and the right of transmission of the Manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the Manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the internet, other online services, or via internal or external networks.
How to Cite
Funding data
-
Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja
Grant numbers 451-03-68/2022-14/200003;451-03-68/2022-14/200287;451-03-68/2022-14/200135;451-03-68/2022-14/200019
References
Šilić Č. Monographie der Gattungen Satureja L., Calamimtha Miller, Micromeria Bentham, Acinos Miller und Clinopodium L. Der flora Jugoslawiens, Zemaljski muzej BiH, Sarajevo. 1979; 24-117.
Radanović D, Matković A, Đurović-Pejčev R, Marković T, Filipović V, Mrđan S, Vasin J, Preliminary results of winter savory (Satureja montana L.) cultivated under permeable mulch film in dry farming conditions of South Banat. Lek Sir. 2018; 38: 51-57 http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/leksir1838051M.
Amiri H. The in vitro antioxidative properties of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Satureja macrosiphonia Bornm. Nat Prod Res. 2011; 25: 232-243 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410903374694.
Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Manayi A, Kourepaz-Mahmoodabadi, M. Satureja: ethnomedicine, phytochemical diversity and pharmacological activities. Springer International Publishing, New York, USA. 2016; 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25026-7.
Ciani M, Menghini L, Mariani F, Pagiotti R, Menghini A, Fatichenti F, Antimicrobial properties of essential oil of Satureja montana L. on pathogenic and spoilage yeasts. Biotechnol Lett. 2000; 22: 1007-1010 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005649506369.
Ćavar S, Maksimović M, Šolić ME, Jerković-Mujkić A, Bešta R, Chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of two Satureja essential oils. Food Chem. 2008; 111: 648-653 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.033.
Panizzi L, Flaminib G, Cionib PL, Morelli I, Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four Mediterranean Lamiaceae. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39: 167-170 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90032-Z.
Silva FV, Martins A, Salta J, Neng NR, Nogueira JM, Mira D, Gaspar N, Justino J, Grosso C, Urieta JS , Palavra AM. Phytochemical profile and anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities of supercritical versus conventional extracts of Satureja montana. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57: 11557-11563 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901786p.
Skočibušić M, Bežić N. Chemical composition and antimicrobial variability of Satureja montana L. essential oils produced during ontogenesis. J Essent Oil Res. 2004; 16: 387-391 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698751.
Stanić G, Samaržija I. Diuretic Activity of Satureja montana subsp. Montana extracts and oil in rats. Phytother Res. 1993; 7: 363-366 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650070508.
Skočibušić M, Bežić N. Chemical composition and antidiarrhoeal activities of winter savory (Satureja montana L.) essential oil. Pharm Biol. 2003; 41: 622-626 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650070508.
Elgndi MA, Filip S, Pavlić B, Vladić J, Stanojković T, Žižak Ž, Zeković Z. Antioxidative and cytotoxic activity of essential oils and extracts of Satureja montana L., Coriandrum sativum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. J Supercrit Fluids. 2017; 128: 128-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.05.025
Radonić A, Miloš M. Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant effect of free volatile compounds from Satureja montana L. Free Radic Res. 2003; 37: 673-679. https://doi.org/10.1080/1071576031000105643.
Miladi H, Slama RB, Mili D, Zouari S, Bakhrouf A Ammar E. Chemical composition and cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Satureja montana L. essential oil and its antibacterial potential against Salmonella spp. strains. J Chem. 2013; 275698 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/275698.
Dewick P.M. Medicinal Natural Products; John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 2002; 121.
Ćetković GS, Mandić AI, Čanadanović‐Brunet JM, Djilas SM, Tumbas VT. HPLC screening of phenolic compounds in winter savory (Satureja montana L.) extracts. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2007; 30: 293-306 https://doi.org/10.1080/10826070601063559.
Čančarević A, Bugarski B, Šavikin K, Zdunić G. Biological activity and ethnopharmaceutical use of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum. Lek Sir. 2013; 33: 3-17 https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?query=ISSID%26and%2611584&page=0&sort=8&stype=0&backurl=%2fissue.aspx%3fissue%3d11584 (in Serbian)
Ćujić N, Šavikin K, Janković T, Pljevljakušić D, Zdunić G, Ibrić S. Optimization of polyphenols extraction from dried chokeberry using maceration as traditional technique. Food Chem. 2016; 194: 135-142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.01.055.
Jovanović A, Đorđević V, Zdunić G, Šavikin K, Pljevljakušić D, Bugarski B. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Thymus serpyllum and its antioxidant activity. Hem Ind. 2016; 70: 391-39 https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND150629044.
Petrović P, Ivanović K, Octrue C, Tumara M, Jovanović A, Vunduk J, Nikšić M, Pjanović R, Bugarski B, Klaus A. Immobilization of Chaga extract in alginate beads for modified release: simplicity meets efficiency. Hem Ind. 2019; 73: 325-335 https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND190819028P.
Gomes F, Dias MI, Lima Â, Barros L, Rodrigues ME, Ferreira IC, Henriques M. Satureja montana L. and Origanum majorana L. decoctions: Antimicrobial activity, mode of action and phenolic characterization. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(6): 294 https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060294.
Azmin M, Manan A, Alwi W, Chua S, Mustaffa A, Yunus A. Herbal processing and extraction technologies. Sep Purif Rev. 2016; 45: 305-320 https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2016.1145395.
Jovanović A, Đorđević V, Zdunić G, Pljevljakušić D, Šavikin K, Gođevac D, Bugarski B. Optimization of the extraction process of polyphenols from Thymus serpyllum L., herb using maceration, heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Sep Purif Technol. 2017; 179: 369-380 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.01.055.
Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods enzymol. 1999; 299: 152-178 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1.
Jovanović A, Djordjević V, Petrović P, Pljevljakušić D, Zdunić G, Šavikin K, Bugarski B. The influence of different extraction conditions on polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of wild thyme. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants. 2021; 25: 100328 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100328.
Savi PDRS, dos Santos L, Goncalves AM, Biesek S, de Lima CP. Analysis of total flavonoids present in some of the most consumed conventional and organic fruits and vegetables in southern Brazil/Analise de flavonoides totais presentes em algumas frutas e hortalicas convencionais e organicas mais consumidas na regiao Sul do Brasil. Demetra. 2017; 12: 275-288 https://doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2017.22391
Prior RL, Wu X, Schaich K. Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53: 4290-4302 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.025.
Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitão GG, Reis AS, Santos TCD, Coube CS, Leitão SG. Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother res. 2001; 15: 127-130 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.687
Kammoun M, Haddar M, Kossentini Kallel T, Dammakc M, Sayari F. Biological properties and biodegradation studies of chitosan biofilms plasticized with PEG and glycerol. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013; 62: 433-438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.025.
Milošević MD, Marinković AD, Petrović P, Klaus A, Nikolić MG, Prlainović NŽ, Cvijetić IN. Synthesis, characterization and SAR studies of bis (imino) pyridines as antioxidants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Chem. 2020; 102: 104073 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104073.
Liao J, Qu B, Liu D, Zheng N. New method to enhance the extraction yield of rutin from Sophora japonica using a novel ultrasonic extraction system by determining optimum ultrasonic frequency. Ultrason Sonochem. 2015; 27: 110-116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.05.005.
Nayak B, Dahmoune F, Moussi K, Remini H, Dairi S, Aoun O, Khodir M. Comparison of microwave, ultrasound and accelerated-assisted solvent extraction for recovery of polyphenols from Citrus sinensis peels. Food Chem. 2015; 187: 507-516 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.08140.
Vergara-Salinas J, Pérez-Jiménez J, Torres JL, Agosin E, Pérez -Correa J. Effects of temperature and time on polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity in the pressurized hot water extraction of deodorized thyme (Thymus vulgaris). J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 60: 10920-10929 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3027759.
Alu’datt MH, Alli I, Ereifej K, Alhamad M, Al-Tawaha AR and Rababah T. Optimisation, characterisation and quantification of phenolic compounds in olive cake. Food Chem. 2010; 123: 117-122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.011.
Ghafoor K, Choi YH. Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidants from grape peel through response surface methodology. J Korean Soc Appl Bi. 2005; 52: 295-300 https://doi.org/10.3839/jksabc.2009.052.
Khedher O, Rigane G, Salem RB, Moussaoui Y. Optimization of polyphenols recovery from Schinus molle L. peel using response surface methodology (RSM). Chem Africa. 2020; 3: 813-820 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-020-00170-3
Mustafa M, Turner C. Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction. Anal Chim Acta. 2011; 703: 8-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.018.
Galvan D’Alessandro L, Kriaa K, Nikov I, Dimitrov K. Ultrasound assisted extraction of polyphenols from black chokeberry. Sep Purif Technol. 2012; 93: 42-47 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.03.024.
Silva EM, Rogez H and Larondelle Y. Optimization of extraction of phenolics from Inga edulis leaves using response surface methodology. Sep Purif Technol. 2007; 55: 381-387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.01.008.
Imeh U, Khokhar S. Distribution of conjugated and free phenols in fruits: antioxidant activity and cultivar variations. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50: 6301-6306 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020342j.
Chang CC, Yang MH, Wen HM, Chern JC. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J Food and Drug Anal. 2002; 10: 178-182 https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Park YS, Jung ST, Kang SG, Delgado-Licon E, Katrich E, Tashma Z, Trakhtenberg S, Gorinstein S. Effect of ethylene treatment on kiwifruit bioactivity. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2006; 61: 151-156 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-006-0025-5.
Apak R, Güçlü K, Demirata B, Özyürek M, Çelik SE, Bektaşoğlu B, Berker KI, Özyurt D. Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules. 2007; 12: 1496-1547 https://doi.org/10.3390/12071496.
Shi J, Nawaz H, Pohorly J, Mittal G, Kakuda Y, Jiang Y. Extraction of polyphenolics from plant material for functional foods—Engineering and technology. Food Rev Int. 2005; 21: 139-166 https://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-200040606.
Tan PW, Tan CP, Ho CW. Antioxidant properties: Effects of solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant compounds and capacities of Pegaga (Centella asiatica). Int Food Res J. 2011; 18: 557-562 http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(02)%202011/(13)%20IFRJ-2010-268.pdf.
Farooq S, Mir SA, Shah MA, Manickavasagan A. Plant Extracts: Applications in the Food Industry. 1st ed., Cambridge, MA: Academic press; 2022: 23-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822475-5.00005-3.
Cunha IDS, Sawaya ACHF, Caetano FM, Shimizu MT, Marcucci MC, Drezza FT, Povia, GS, Carvalho, PO. Factors that influence the yield and composition of Brazilian propolis. J Brazilian Chem Soc. 2004; 15: 964-970 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532004000600026.
Trusheva B, Trunkova D, Bankova V. Different extraction methods of biologically active components from propolis: a preliminary study. Chem Cent J. 2007; 1: 13-17 https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-1-13
Ecem-Bayram N, Gercek Y. Appropriate maceration duration for the extraction of propolis. Fresenius Environ Bull. 2019; 28: 188-192 https://avesis.istanbul.edu.tr/publication/showdocument/5b77ffc0-8cc5-4e62-a313-34d269b3c17e
Jovanović A, Vajić J, Mijin D, Zdunić G, Šavikin K, Branković S, Kitić D, Bugarski B. Polyphenol extraction in microwave reactor using by-product of Thymus serpyllum L. and biological potential of the extract. J Appl Res Med Arom Plants. 2022; 31: 100417 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2022.100417.
Milenović DM, Veljković VB, Todorović BT, Stanković MS. Extraction of resinoids from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L): I. Efficiency and optimization of extraction. Hem Ind. 2002; 56: 54-59 https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND0202054M.
Saad R, Asmani F, Saad M, Hussain M, Khan J, Kaleemullah M, Othman NB, Tofigh A, Yusuf E. A new approach for predicting antioxidant property of herbal extracts. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res. 2015; 7: 166-174 http://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJPPR/7/IJPPR,Vol7,Issue1,Article25.pdf
Rhoades JD, Raats PAC, Prather RJ, Effects of liquid‐phase electrical conductivity, water content, and surface conductivity on bulk soil electrical conductivity. Soil Sci Soc America J. 1976; 40: 651-655. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000050017x.
Jurinjak Tušek A, Benković M, Valinger D, Jurina T, Belščak-Cvitanović A, Gajdoš Kljusurić J. Optimizing bioactive compounds extraction from different medicinal plants and prediction through nonlinear and linear models. Ind Crops Prod. 2018; 126: 449-458 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.040.
Mladenović J, Đurić M, Šekularac G, Brković D, Stepanović J, Mašković P, Bošković Rakočević Lj. Determination of the content of bioactive components in different extracts of Portulaca oleracea L. Acta Agric Serb. 2013; 23: 223-231 https://doi.org/10.5937/AASer1846223M.
Ono S, Kondo S. Structure of Liquids/Struktur der Flüssigkeiten. 1st ed., Heidelberg, DE: Springer, Berlin, 1960, 134-280 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45947-4_2.
Peng X, Duan MH, Yao XH, Zhang YH, Zhao CJ, Zu YG, Fu YJ. Green extraction of five target phenolic acids from Lonicerae japonicae Flos with deep eutectic solvent. Sep Purif Technol. 2016; 157: 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.065.
Boros D, Marquardt RR, Slominski BA, Guenter W. Extract viscosity as an indirect assay for water-soluble pentosan content in rye. Cereal Chem. 1993; 70: 575-580 https://www.cerealsgrains.org/publications/cc/backissues/1993/Documents/70_575.pdf
Vergara-Salinas J, Pérez-Jiménez J, Torres JL, Agosin E, Pérez-Correa J. Effects of Temperature and Time on Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in the Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Deodorized Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 60: 10920-10929. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3027759.
Vuleta G, Milić J, Savić S. Farmaceutska tehnologija. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade: Belgrade, Serbia, 2012 ISBN: 978-86-6273-003-0 (in Serbian)