Machine learning predictions on the output parameters of CRDI engines fueled with ternary blend Original scientific paper
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to employ a machine learning algorithm (MLA) to predict CRDI engine emissions and performance using alternative feedstock. This study started with a diesel-SCOME- Methyl Acetate ternary mix. The engine was tested with fuel injection time (FIT) of 23°, 21°, and 19° bTDC with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels of 10%, 15%, and 20% at estimated power productivity. Retard injection time and increasing EGR rates reduced in-cylinder peak pressure. Operating conditions with the maximum BTE were 21° bTDC and 10% EGR. Adjusting injection time and EGR reduced nitrogen oxide relative to the baseline. Smoke opacity was 1% lower at 21° bTDC and 10% exhaust gas recirculation than in conventional diesel operation. Retard injection time and exhaust gas recirculation increased HC and CO emissions. However, MLAs predict CI engine operation and discharge properties. The long short-term memory (LSTM) Model predicts engine output characteristics with a squared correlation (R2) of 0.92 to 0.961. At the same time, mean relative error (MRE) values ranged from 1.74 to 4.68%. These results show that the LSTM models provide superior predictive capabilities in this investigation, particularly when considering numerous variables to analyse engine responses.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors grant to the Publisher the following rights to the manuscript, including any supplemental material, and any parts, extracts or elements thereof:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to produce prepublications, reprints, and special editions of the Manuscript;
- the right to translate the Manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the Manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these reproductions;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript electronically or optically on any and all data carriers or storage media – especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini-Disk, data tape – and the right to reproduce and distribute the Article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the Manuscript in databases, including online databases, and the right of transmission of the Manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the Manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the internet, other online services, or via internal or external networks.
References
B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal, B. Saravanan, K. Azad, D. Patel, B. Sudarshan, R.Aaditya Ramasamy, Fuel 235 (2019) 984–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.087
M.M. Khan, R.P. Sharma, A.K. Kadian, S.M.M. Hasnain, Mater. Sci. Energy Technol. 5 (2022) 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2021.12.004.
M. Jayapal, K.G. Radhakrishnan, Energy Environ. 33 (2022) 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X20985618
D. Damodharan, A.P. Sathiyagnanam, B. Rajesh Kumar, K.C. Ganesh, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (2018) 13611–13625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1558-5
M.V. De Poures, K. Gopal, A.P. Sathiyagnanam, B. Rajesh Kumar, D. Rana, S. Saravanan, D. Damodharan, Energy Sources, Part A. 42 (2020) 1772–1784. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1604888
M. Arulprakasajothi, N. Beemkumar, J. Parthipan, N. Raju Battu, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45 (2020) 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04294-8
C. Ramakrishnan, P.K. Devan, R. Karthikeyan, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 36 (2017) 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12484
K. Viswanathan, A. Paulraj, Energy Sources, Part A 45 (2023) 3216–3230. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1849451
A.I. EL-Seesy, Z. He, H. Hassan, D. Balasubramanian, Fuel 279 (2020) 118433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118433
J. Preuß, K. Munch, I. Denbratt, Fuel 216 (2018) 890–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.122
S. Raja. K.S, S.K. Srinivasan, K. Yoganandam, M. Ravi, nergy Sources, Part A (2021) 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2021.1877372
Y.S.M. Altarazi, A.R. Abu Talib, J. Yu, E. Gires, M.F. Abdul Ghafir, J. Lucas, T. Yusaf, Energy 238 (2022) 121910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121910
R. Jayabal, S. Subramani, D. Dillikannan, Y. Devarajan, L. Thangavelu, M. Nedunchezhiyan, G. Kaliyaperumal, M.V. De Poures, Energy 250 (2022) 123709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123709
M. Miya, K. Venkateswarlu, Int. J. Ambient Energy 43 (2022) 4870–4877. 10.1080/01430750.2021.1923570
A. Cakmak, M. Kapusuz, O. Ganiyev, H. Ozcan, Environ. Clim. Technol. 22 (2018) 55–68. https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/rtuect-2018-0004
V. Praveena, U. Akshaykumar, T. Nishad, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2054 (2021) 012050. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012050
M.V. De Poures, A.P. Sathiyagnanam, D. Rana, B. Rajesh Kumar, S. Saravanan, Appl. Therm. Eng. 113 (2017) 1505–1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.164
R. Shanmugam, D. Dillikannan, G. Kaliyaperumal, M.V. De Poures, R.K. Babu, Energy Sources, Part A 43 (2021) 3064–3081. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1833112
D. Dillikannan, D. J., M.V. De Poures, G. Kaliyaperumal, A.P. Sathiyagnanam, R.K. Babu, N. Mukilarasan, Energy Sources, Part A 42 (2020) 1375–1390. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1604853
B. Rajesh Kumar, S. Saravanan, Fuel 170 (2016) 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.029
J.C. Ge, G. Wu, B.-O. Yoo, N.J. Choi, Energy 253 (2022) 124150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124150
X. Duan, Z. Xu, X. Sun, B. Deng, J. Liu, Energy 231 (2021) 121069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121069
D. Kulandaivel, I.G. Rahamathullah, A.P. Sathiyagnanam, K. Gopal, D. Damodharan, D.P. Melvin Victor, Fuel 278 (2020) 118304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118304
Y. Yu, Y. Wang, J. Li, M. Fu, A.N. Shah, C. He, IEEE Access 9 (2021) 11002–11013. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3050165
R. Yang, T. Xie, Z. Liu, Energies 15 (2022) 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093242
Ü. Ağbulut, M. Ayyıldız, S. Sarıdemir, Energy 197 (2020) 117257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117257
I. Portugal, P. Alencar, D. Cowan, Expert Syst. Appl. 97 (2018) 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.12.020
M. Aliramezani, C.R. Koch, M. Shahbakhti, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 88 (2022) 100967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100967
W.R. Liao, J.H. Shi, G.X. Li, J. Appl. Fluid Mech. 16 (2023) 2041-2053. https://doi.org/10.47176/jafm.16.10.1801
M. Vijayaragavan, B. Subramanian, S. Sudhakar, L. Natrayan, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 47 (2022) 37635–37647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.201
B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal, M. Senthil Kumar, A. Ramasamy, D. Patel, S. Balasubramanian, S. Balakrishnan, Int. J. Green Energy 16 (2019) 834–846. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1641107
H. Xiao, X. Yang, R. Wang, S. Li, J. Ruan, H. J, Therm. Sci. 24 (2020) 215–229. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI190112304X
M. Chandran, R. Chinnappan, C. Kit Ang, Energy Sources, Part A (2020) 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1764671
G.R. Kothiwale, K.M. Akkoli, B.M. Doddamani, S.S. Kattimani, Ü. Ağbulut, A. Afzal, A.R. Kaladgi, Z. Said, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20 (2023) 5013–5034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04397-0
K. Subramanian, S.A. Paramasivam, D. Dillikannan, M. Muthu, P.R. Yadav Sanjeevi, Int. J. Ambient Energy (2022) 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2022.2103184
B. Rajesh Kumar, S. Saravanan, D. Rana, A. Nagendran, Energy Convers. Manage. 123 (2016) 470–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.06.064
B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal, R.T.K. Raj, J. P. Bhasker, D. Sakthi Vignesh, Fuel Process. Technol. 167 (2017) 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.06.024
B.R. Kumar, S. Saravanan, Fuel 180 (2016) 396–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.060
K. Duraisamy, R. Ismailgani, S.A. Paramasivam, G. Kaliyaperumal, D. Dillikannan, Energy Environ. 32 (2021) 481–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X20942873
A. Ramesh, B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal, M. Ramesh Pathy, A. Tambare, P. Mali, P. Phuke, S. Patil, R. Subbarao, Fuel 249 (2019) 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.072
A.E. Gürel, Ü. Ağbulut, Y. Biçen, J. Cleaner Prod. 277 (2020) 122353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122353
M.V. De Poures, D. Dillikannan, G. Kaliyaperumal, S. Thanikodi, Ü. Ağbulut, A.T.
Hoang, Z .Mahmoud, S. Shaik, C .A.Saleel, A.Afzal Process Saf. Environ. Prot.
(2023), 738-752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.02.054
D. Kulandaivel, I.G. Rahamathullah, A.P, Sathiyagnanam , K. Gopal , D. Damodharan ,
De Poures Melvin Victor, Fuel, 278, (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118304