An environmentally friendly indigo dyeing process using iron (II) gluconate as a reducing agent
Original scientific paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ240106022AKeywords:
Indigo dyeing, density functional theory, ecological process, iron (II) gluconate, process optimizationAbstract
This research paper aims to replace the ecologically harmful sodium dithionite traditionally used in the indigo dyeing process with the iron (II) gluconate reducing agent. The density functional theory (DFT) method using B3LYP 6- 311 G basis set was used to determine the optimized structures of iron (II) gluconate and indigo. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy were calculated, and the electronic properties dependent on HOMO-LUMO energies were determined. Furthermore, an ecological dyeing process using this reducing agent was studied. The influences of alkalinity, reduction temperature, and iron (II) gluconate concentration on the fulfilment of the dyeing process were inspected by measuring the obtained redox potential and the color strength of the dyed samples. A full factorial experiment was performed for statistical analysis and optimization of the dyeing process. The results revealed that the developed method is highly effective and capable of generating redox potential and dyeing quality comparable to those obtained with the conventional process employing sodium dithionite. Finally, the substitution of sodium dithionite by iron (II) gluconate reduced the wastewater load generated by the conventional dyeing process.
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