THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ERGOSTEROL AND ALTERNARIA MYCOTOXINS IN TOMATOES WITH DIFFERENT SURFACE DECAYED PROPORTIONS
Original scientific paper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2298/CICEQ230627019KKeywords:
alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, decay, ergosterol, tenuazonic acid, tomatoesAbstract
This study evaluates the relationship between ergosterol (ERG) and Alternaria mycotoxins (AOH, AME, TenA) concentrations in tomato samples with varying decay levels. Using Rio Grande tomatoes, decay levels ranged from 89% to 99%. Samples were categorized based on visible mold, processed into pulp, and evaluated for quality parameters such as soluble solids, pH, acidity, and color. HPLC determined ERG, TenA, AOH, and AME levels, providing data on standard curve linearity, detection limit, recovery, and precision. Correlations between decay proportions and toxin concentrations were analyzed to understand variable relationships and quality implications for the tomato industry. Results indicate significant (p<0.05) effects of decay levels on toxin concentrations, emphasizing the importance of these measures for tomato quality assessment. The strong correlations among parameters underscore their relevance for quality control in tomato processing. This study contributes valuable insights for future research in this domain.
References
[1] S. Dagnas, J.M Membré, J. Food Prot. 76(3) (2013) 538—551. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-349.
[2] J.L. Richard, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 119(1—2) (2007) 3—10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.019
[3] R. Barkai-Golan, in Mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, R. Barkai-Golan, N. Paster Ed., Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam (2008) 185—204. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374126-4.X0001-0.
[4] R.A. Marc, in Mycotoxins and Food Safety-Recent Advances, R.A. Marci Ed., IntechOpen, Romania (2022) p. 149. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95720.
[5] J.I Pitt, M.H. Taniwaki, M.B. Cole, Food Control, 32(1) (2013) 205—215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.023.
[6] S.D. Motta, L.M. Valente-Soares, Food Addit. Contam. 18(7) (2001) 630—634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030117707.
[7] V.E.F. Pinto, A. Patriarca, in Mycotoxigenic Fungi: Methods and Protocols, M. Antonio, S. Antonio Ed., Humana Press, New Jersey (2017) p. 394. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_1.
[8] EFSA, EFSA on Contaminants in the Food Chain, EFSA J. 9 (10) (2011) 2407. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2407.
[9] L.S. Jackson, F. Al-Taher, in Mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, R. Barkai-Golan, N. Paster Ed., Elsevier Inc. Amsterdam (2008) 75—104. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374126-4.X0001-0.
[10] L. Escrivá, S. Oueslati, G. Font, L. Manyes, J. Food Qual. 32(1) (2017) 205—215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.023.
[11] M. Solfrizzo, Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 17 (2017) 57—61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2017.09.012.
[12] Y. Ackermann, V. Curtui, R. Dietrich, M. Gross, H. Latif, E. Märtlbauer, E. Usleber, J. Agric. Food Chem. 59(12) (2011) 6360—6368. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201516f.
[13] J. Noser, P. Schneider, M. Rother, H. Schmutz, Mycotoxin Res. 27(4) (2011) 265—271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-011-0103-x.
[14] N. Jiand, Z. Li, L. Wang, H. Li, X. Zhu, X. Feng, M. Wang, Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 311 (2019) 108333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108333.
[15] V. Ostry, World Mycotoxin J. 1(2) (2008) 175—188. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2008.x013.
[16] C. Juan, L. Covarelli, G. Beccari, V. Colasante, J. Mañes, Food Control, 62 (2016) 322—329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.032.
[17] K. Sivagnanam, E. Komatsu, C. Rampitsch, H. Perreault, T. Gräfenhan, J. Sci. Food Agric. 97(1) (2017) 357—361. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7703.
[18] M. Zachariasova, Z. Dzuman, Z. Veprikova, K. Hojkova, M. Jiru, M. Vaclavikova, A. Zachariasova, M. Pospichalova, M. Florian, J. Hajslova, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 193 (2014) 124—140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.02.007.
[19] W. Jia, X. Chu, Y. Ling, J. Huang, J. Chang, J. Chromatogr. A. 1345 (2014) 107—114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.021.
[20] W.A. Abia, B. Warth, M. Sulyok, R. Kriska, A.N. Tchana, P.B. Njobeh, M.F. Dutton, P.F. Moundipa, Food Control, 31(2) (2013) 438—453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.006.
[21] P. López, D. Venema, T. Rijk, A. Kok, J.M. Scholten, H.G.J. Mol, M. Nijs, Food Control, 60 (2016) 196—204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.032.
[22] S. Hickert, M. Bergmann, S. Ersen, B. Cramer, H.U. Humpf, Mycotoxin Res. 32(1) (2016) 7—18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-015-0233-7.
[23] V.M. Scussel, J.M. Scholten, P.M. Rensen, M.C. Spanjer, B.N.E. Giordano, G.D. Savi, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 48(1) (2013) 96—102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03163.x.
[24] A. Logrieco, A. Moretti, M. Solfrizzo, World Mycotoxin J. 2(2) (2009) 129—140. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2009.1145.
[25] M. Meena, A. Zehra, P. Swapnil, M.K. Dubey, C.B. Patel, R.S. Upadhyay, Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot. 50(7—8) (2017) 317—329. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2017.1312769.
[26] N.M. Nizamlıoğlu, J. Food Process. Preserv. 46 (11) (2022) e16937. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.16937.
[27] M. Eskola, A. Altieri, J.J.W.M.J. Galobart, World Mycotoxin J. 11(2) (2018) 277—289. https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2017.2270.
[28] Ç. Kadakal, T.K. Tepe, Food Rev. Int. 35 (2) (2019) 155—165. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1482495.
[29] R. Ekinci, Ç. Kadakal, M. Otağ, J. Food Prot. 77 (3) (2014) 499—503. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-215.
[30] Ç. Kadakal, PhD Thesis, Ankara University, Institute of Science, Ankara, (2003) Turkey.
[31] Ç. Kadakal, N. Artık, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 44 (5) (2004) 349—351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490489233.
[32] Ç. Kadakal, S. Nas, R. Ekinci, Food Chem. 90 (2005) 95—100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.030.
[33] S. Marin, D. Cuevas, A.J. Ramos, V. Sanchis, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 121 (2008) 139—149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.030.
[34] M.H. Taniwaki, A.D. Hocking, J.I. Pitt, G.H. Fleet, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 68 (2001) 125—133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00487-1.
[35] S. Bermingham, L. Maltby, R.C. Cooke, Mycol. Res. 99 (1995) 479—484. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80650-3.
[36] H. Gourama, L.B. Bullerman, J. Food Prot. 558 12 (1995) 1395—1404. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-58.12.1395.
[37] Ç. Kadakal, S. Nas, R. Ekinci, Food Chem. 90 (2005) 95—100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.03.030.
[38] Ç. Kadakal, M.N. Nizamlıoğlu, T.K. Tepe, S. Arısoy, B. Tepe. H.S. Batu, Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Tech. 8 (4) (2020). https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i4.895-900.3071.
[39] M.R. Zill, J.E. Ehgelhardt, P.R. Wallnofer, Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-untersuchung und -forschung, 15 (1988) 20—22. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01043094.
[40] Ç. Kadakal, Ş. Taği, N. Artık, J. Food Qual. 27 (4) (2004) 255—263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2004.00631.x.
[41] AOAC, Methods, Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem, 15th Ed., Arlington (1990) p. 910. ISBN 0-935584-40.
https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/aoac.methods.1.1990.pdf.
[42] L.J. Mauer, R.L. Bradley, in Food Analysis, S.S. Nielsen Ed., Springer, New York (2017) 257—286. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45776-5_15.
[43] C. Tyl, G.D. Sadler, in Food Analysis, S.S. Nielsen Ed., Springer, New York (2017) 389—406. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45776-5_22.
[44] R.E. Wrolstad, D.E. Smith, in Food Analysis, S.S. Nielsen Ed., Springer, New York (2017) 545—555. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45776-5_31.
[45] L. Terminiello, A. Patriarca, G. Pose, V.F. Pinto, Mycol. Res. 22 (4) (2006) 236—240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02946748.
[46] H.A. Hasan, Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 43 (2—3) (1996) 125—133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01103101.
[47] J. Walravens, H. Mikula, M. Rychlik, S. Asam, T. Devos, E.E. Njumbe, D.D. Mavungu, J. Jacxsens, L. Van, A. Landschoot, L. Vanhaecke, S. Saeger, J. Agric. Food Chem. 64(24) (2016) 5101—5109. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01029.
[48] E. Fliszár-Nyúl, Á. Szabó, L. Szente, M. Poór, J. Mol. Liq. 319 (2020) 114180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114180.
[49] J.D. Ioi, PhD Thesis, The University of Guelph, Department of Food Science, Ontario, (2017) Canada.
[50] S.D. Motta, L.M.V. Soares, Braz. J. Microbiol. 31(4) (2000) 315—320. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822000000400015.
[51] C. Graselli, C. Leoni, C. Sandei, G. Mori, Ind. Conserve, 68 (1993) 1—10. http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=4859569.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Çetin Kadakal, Bilge Akdeniz, Ayten Ekinci, Luziana Hoxha, Pınar Şengün

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors grant to the Publisher the following rights to the manuscript, including any supplemental material, and any parts, extracts or elements thereof:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to produce prepublications, reprints, and special editions of the Manuscript;
- the right to translate the Manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the Manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these reproductions;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the Manuscript electronically or optically on any and all data carriers or storage media – especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-Rom, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini-Disk, data tape – and the right to reproduce and distribute the Article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the Manuscript in databases, including online databases, and the right of transmission of the Manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the Manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the internet, other online services, or via internal or external networks.